Giant Stars Don't Follow the Rules | SciShow News

Astronomers are learning just how big early stars might have been, and how their deaths have shaped the universe. Some may have even been so massive that they skipped the whole star phase and collapsed straight into black holes!

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Sources:

Hypernovas:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0826-3
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00043-x
https://www.space.com/6638-supernova.html
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Astro/snovcn.html
http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/H/Hypernova
http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/375341/
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11214-018-0493-6
https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/433/2/1114/1747843
https://www.unlv.edu/news-story/radiation-mechanism-gamma-ray-bursts-revealed
https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/475/2/2659/4795312
https://news.berkeley.edu/2015/11/30/missing-link-between-turbulence-hypernovae-and-gamma-ray-bursts/
http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/428379

Supermassive Black Holes:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-0873-4
https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/402/1/673/1035549
https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2017/12/26/direct-collapse-black-holes-may-explain-our-universes-mysterious-quasars/#7da64f5071f0
http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/375341/pdf [PDF]
http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/377529/
https://www.britannica.com/science/Eddington-mass-limit
https://www.universetoday.com/13507/what-is-the-biggest-star-in-the-universe/
https://earthsky.org/space/how-big-is-the-biggest-monster-star

Images:

http://www.astro.tau.ac.il/~ore/cocoon.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_Dwarf_Ages.ogv
https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/20267
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SN_2006gy,_NASA_illustration.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comparative_hypernova_light_curves.png
https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0917a/
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GRB_artist_NASA_Zhang_Woosley.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Supermassiveblackhole_nasajpl.jpg
http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/images/6381-ssc2017-07a-Massive-Star-Goes-Out-With-a-Whimper-Instead-of-a-Bang-Artist-s-Concept-
https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1524a/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_stars_born_in_winds_from_supermassive_black_holes.jpg